The Pto kinase confers resistance in tomato to P. syringae pv. tomato strains expressing the AvrPto protein. Physical interaction of the Pto kinase and AvrPto protein in the plant cell initiates host defense responses. The recognition event between these two proteins is very specific; AvrPto does not interact with other closely related kinases, including the Fen kinase, which shares 80% amino a...

The tomato Pto gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase (STK) domain-containing protein, confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). In this study, in vivo recognition assays using PVX constructs showed that AvrPto was specifically recognized in the pepper genotypes. This AvrPto recognition caused a nonhost hypersensitive response (HR) and...

BACKGROUND Person trade-off (PTO) elicitations yield different values than standard utility measures, such as time trade-off (TTO) elicitations. Some people believe this difference arises because the PTO captures the importance of distributive principles other than maximizing treatment benefits. We conducted a qualitative study to determine whether people mention considerations related to distr...

We have employed a genetic approach to study the resistance of tomato to the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Resistance to P. s. tomato depends upon expression of the Pto locus in tomato, which encodes a protein with similarity to serine/threonine protein kinases and recognizes pathogen strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto. Eleven tomato mutants were isolated ...

Background: We hypothesized that polymicrobial posttraumatic osteomyelitis (PTO) may be associated with worse outcomes when compared to monomicrobial PTO. We therefore attempted to show the outcomes and predisposing factors associated with polymicrobial PTO. Methods: A single-center case-control study was carried out from 2007 to 2012. The outcome variables analyzed were: the need for additiona...

A novel transient gene expression system was used to study both the tomato disease resistance gene Pto and a Pto homolog designated Fen. The gene expression system was based on potato virus X (PVX). Tomato plants that were both susceptible to strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato carrying the corresponding avirulence gene avrPto and insensitive to the insecticide fenthion were infected with...

Leaves of tomato cultivars that contain the Pto bacterial resistance locus develop small necrotic lesions within 24 hr after exposure to fenthion, an organophosphorous insecticide. Recently, the Pto gene was isolated and shown to be a putative serine/threonine protein kinase. Pto is one member of a multigene family that is clustered within a 400-kb region on chromosome 5. Here, we report that a...

Hair shedding and hair thinning have been reported to be affected by dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. The present study was conducted in 150 men presenting with telogen effluvium related to androgenic alopecia associated with dandruff. They were randomly allocated to three groups receiving each one of the three shampoos in the market containing either 1% ketoconazole (KTZ), 1% piroctone ola...

Disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and the closely related L. pimpinellifolium is triggered by the physical interaction between plant disease resistance protein, Pto, and the pathogen avirulence protein, AvrPto. To investigate the extent to which variation in the Pto gene is responsible for natura...

Protamine-oligonucleotide nanoparticles represent effective colloidal drug carriers for antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PTO). This study describes improvements in particle preparation and the physicochemical properties of the complexes prepared. The influence of component concentrations, length of the PTO chain and the PTO/protamine weight ratio on particle formation and size, shap...