feminine voice and narratology in wuthering heights wuthering heights as a general "bronte" work has extraordinary dimensions to it which can make it focal to different ways of interpretation. among other differences the issue of narrative voice is essential in understanding the ultimate purpose of wuthering heights. emily bronte uses different narrators from various focal points speaking of matters pre-destined to happen, like a fortune-teller unwrapping her mysterious dusty old material to show clearer past extended to present, at times even touching the future to achieve the final goal of delivering the message. with numerous studies done on different accounts of the novel from its very day of publication onward, its unusual narrative technique and its purpose of application have been hardly taken into account up until almost a century. even then the studies are sporadic and non-comprehensive, at times even bearing contradictory results. a comprehensive treatment of the matter is essential to complete understanding of the novel and its authors purpose. the present study claims for narration/focalization as the main thematic aspect of wuthering heights. nelly as the narrator-focalizer of a major part of wuthering heightss story plays a twofold role in the novel: she is both narrative instance and acting character. although she appears to be a plot necessity given that she is either present in all key moments, or acquires detailed information about them, our view of her as being essentially a spectator, or a mere observer like lockwood, is contradicted by the actual events in the novel. thus wuthering heights can be subject to basic areas of narratology studies; temporality and focalization/narration. trying to decode nelly, it seems necessary to study what ideology her voice is representing within the subplot of her narration while catherines characterizing ideology is in a constant rivalry with that of nelly throughout the story of wuthering heights. nelly is the sole person who addresses her experiences with catherine to the reader; she is the only focalizing lens through which catherine is perceived; yet emily bronte refuses to let her readers believe in catherines story the way nellys ideological voice is advocating. thus, emily bronte chooses to give her reader a sense of detachment from her main storys character. catherine is only seen from a biased onlookers point of view, never given way to enter her thoughts or feelings; she is introduced as a mere object through nellys focalization. the exclusive use of external focalization reinforces the feeling of the brutality of the victorian social system on part of the reader and thus attains readers sympathy for catherine while indifferent nelly is only merely "looking". key words: wuthering heights,narratology, focalization, voice, feminism

این پایان نامه در چهار فصل گردآوری شده است که: در فصل 1 روش گرادیان مزدوج به تفصیل بیان می شود و قضایای مربوط به این روش ثابت می شوند. در فصل 2 روشهای کاهشی و روش آرنولدی معرفی می شود و قضایای مربوط به این روشها ثابت می شوند. همچنین کرانهای خطا برای این روشها ارائه می شوند. در فصل 3 روشهای gmres و gmres پیوندی بحث می شود و روش پیاده سازی این روشها بیان می شود. همچنین گزاره ها و نتایج مربوط به این روشها ارائه می گردد. در فصل 4 کاربرد روشهای gmres و gmres پیوندی ذکر شده است و نتایج حاصل از اجرای برنامه های رایانه ای ارائه شده است . در پیوست برنامه رایانه ای روشهای gmres و gmres پیوندی آورده شده است .