Background: Spiritual well-being is an important issue in health sciences, hence the need for validated instruments to assess this aspect of health in the Iranian population. The aim of the current study was to determine the validity of the Persian versions of 2 most common measures of spiritual health (Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire [SWBQ] or Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure [...

Questionnaires are often used to examine people’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in language learning and teaching. The data we get from questionnaire research can be especially insightful and satisfying when patterns emerge from a large number of respondents, when apparent differences or similarities are found among groups, or when relationships are ascertained among variables. As researche...

The development of questionnaires is a neglected enterprise in epidemiology. It has recently been proposed that a prestigious health authority such as the World Health Organization establish a committee to tackle issues of questionnaire quality, moving eventually toward standardized instruments. However, standardization may not be the best way to invigorate this enterprise. As an alternative, t...