Kevin D. Alloway, Jared B. Smith, and Glenn D. R. Watson 9 10 Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences 11 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine 12 Hershey, PA 17033 13 and 14 Center for Neural Engineering 15 Pennsylvania State University 16 University Park, PA 16802 17 18 19 *Send correspondence to: Dr. Kevin D. Alloway 20 Center for Neural Engineering 21 Millennium Science Comp...

gamma aminobutyrate (gaba) is a non-protein amino acid that is thought to play an important role in the modulation of the central response to stress. mechanisms by which gaba may facilitate these responses to stress are metabolic and/or mechanical disruptions. environmental stresses increase gaba accumulation through cytosolic acidification, induce an acidic ph-dependent activation of glutamate...

purpose: to present a patient with localized corneal edema due to a small retained fragment of nucleus in the anterior chamber after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. case report: a 74-year-old female subject with history of phacoemulsification in her right eye about 1.5 years ago complained of foreign body sensation, pain and decreased vision in the same eye. visual acuity of that eye had dec...

The striatum is a site of integration of neural pathways involved in reinforcement learning. Traditionally, inputs from cerebral cortex are thought to be reinforced by dopaminergic afferents signaling the occurrence of biologically salient sensory events. Here, we detail an alternative route for short-latency sensory-evoked input to the striatum requiring neither dopamine nor the cortex. Using ...

Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk for schizophrenia in offspring. In rodent models, maternal immune activation (MIA) yields offspring with schizophrenia-like behaviors. None of these behaviors are, however, specific to schizophrenia. The presence of hallucinations is a key diagnostic symptom of schizophrenia. In mice, this symptom can be defined as brain activation in the a...

The striatum is divided into two compartments named the patch (or striosome) and the matrix. Although these two compartments can be differentiated by their neurochemical content or afferent and efferent projections, the synaptology of inputs to these striatal regions remains poorly characterized. By using the vesicular glutamate transporters vGluT1 and vGluT2, as markers of corticostriatal and ...

The 2-deoxy-D[1-14C]glucose method of Sokoloff was used to measure local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in rats after injections of the GABA receptor agonist, muscimol (1.6 mg/kg and 4.0 mg/kg, i.v.); the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg, i.v.); or combinations of both drugs. The aim was to identify brain regions where functional effects of GABAergic-cho...

Parafascicular (Pf) neurons receive cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which is active during waking and REM sleep. There is a developmental decrease in REM sleep in humans between birth and puberty and 10-30 days in rat. Previous studies have established an increase in muscarinic and 5-HT1 serotonergic receptor-mediated inhibition and a transition from excitatory to inh...