Electrophysiological studies in patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) often reported increased burst activity of neurons in the basal ganglia. Neurons in the globus pallidus external (GPe) segment in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated hemi-parkinsonian rats fire with strong bursts interrupted by pauses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that dopamine (DA)-de...

Experiments in both conscious and anesthetized animals indicate that intrathecal (i.t.) strychnine (STR; glycine receptor antagonist) produces acute, reversible allodynia, as evidenced by inappropriate behavioral and autonomic responses to cutaneous tactile stimuli. Although STR is known to produce disinhibition of afferent input to the spinal cord, changes in spinal reflexes cannot fully expla...

Water A total of 100 water samples were collected from different poultry and cattle farms in Behera province to be evaluated bacteriologically to investigate the role of drinking water as a source of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria in different animal farms including cattle and poultry. The results of bacteriological examination of 25 water samples collected from broiler farms r...

The cerebral cortex, the neostriatum (Str), and the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) form a cortico-Str-GPe disynaptic connection, which is one of the major connections in the basal ganglia circuitries and a target of dopamine modulation. The aim of this study was to examine the actions of D2-like dopamine receptors (D2LRs) in this connection using rat brain slice preparations. Ele...

In recent years, there has been a rising interest in researching and finding new antimicrobial agents from various sources to fight against microbial infectious pathogens. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to synthesize new molecules. In this regarding a straightforward two-step protocol for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted-4-thiazolidinone (4a-f) and 2,3disubstituted-5-methyl-4-th...

Paternity testing is being increasingly requested with the aim of challenging presumptive fatherhood. The ability to establish the biological father is usually based on the genotyping of autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) in alleged father, mother and child, but the use of Y-chromosomal STR has gained interest in the last few years. In this work, we propose a new probabilistic approach that co...

OBJECTIVES To study the suitability, stability and diversity of short tandem repeat (STR) genomic markers to elicit strain variation in the Mycobacterium leprae isolates within leprosy patients from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit skin smear (SSS) samples were collected from lesions and various body sites of newly diagnosed leprosy patients. The...

Subgenera of the speciose ant-like stone beetle genus Stenichnus Thomson are revised. The genus is re-classified and only two subgenera are retained: Stenichnus s. str. and Scydmaenichnus Reitter. Two remaining subgenera, Austrostenichnus Franz and Scydmaenilla King, are elevated to the genus rank (the status of Scydmaenilla, originally described as a genus and later reduced to a subgenus of St...

the sarcoglycanopathies (sgps) are a subgroup of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophies (lgmds). they are caused by mutations in gamma, alpha, beta, and delta sarcoglycans (sgs) genes. alpha-sgps are the most frequent form of sgps. muscle biopsy studies in patients with sarcoglycanopathies have indicated that loss of one sg subunit leads to instability of whole sg complex.  autozy...