Fossil weevils of the subfamily Molytinae are currently represented by 103 species in 42 genera from 14 tribes. records tribe Aedemonini known Eocene Europe. This makes up 22% London Clay weevil specimens identified to genus level and 16% Curculionidae genera. At present, distribution this is mainly paleotropical, but it was very prominent paratropical biota early Eocene, still amber forests Eu...

We used adaptive umbrella sampling on a modified version of the roll angle to simulate the bending of DNA dodecamers. Simulations were carried out with the AMBER and CHARMM force fields for 10 sequences in which the central base pair step was varied. On long length scales, the DNA behavior was found to be consistent with the worm-like chain model. Persistence lengths calculated directly from th...

Recent advances in single molecule fluorescence experiments and theory allow a direct comparison and improved interpretation of experiment and simulation. To this end, force fields for a larger number of dyes are required which are compatible with and can be integrated into existing biomolecular force fields. Here, we developed, characterized, and implemented AMBER-DYES, a modular fluorescent l...

Using a modification of a procedure developed for the isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants defective in the start event of cell division, amber mutations were obtained for two Class-I start genes, cdc28 and cdc37. Genetic analysis demonstrated that co-segregation of an amber suppressor with such alleles was required for viability of spores subsequent to meiosis. These mutations are expect...

Twenty-five rex(-) mutants of phage lambda have been isolated. Three of the mutants, including one amber mutant, map at three distinct sites within the rex region of the lambda genetic map. The existence of the amber mutant provides further evidence that rex and cI are distinct genes, since it seems to be identical to wild-type lambda in its ability to establish or maintain lysogeny.

Attempts to recover temperature-sensitive mutations affecting genes 13 and 14 (virion proteins) in bacteriophage T7 by analysis of amber revertants were confounded by the frequent occurrence of spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutations in other genes. These incidental temperature-sensitive mutations are physically distinct from but may be functionally related to genes 13 and 14, as shown by c...

Most cells in the well-known pre-B-lymphocyte line 18-81 have correctly assembled genes for both alleles at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Only one allele is "active"; the other, "silent" allele contains an amber termination codon. The rate of reversion of this amber codon was determined to be 0.3-1 X 10(-4) per cell generation. This high rate is termed hypermutation.

Subtyping is a common tool in the design of type systems that finds its roots in the η-expansion of arrow types and the notion of type containment obtained by closing System F by η-expansion. Although strongly related, subtyping and type containment still significantly differ from one another when put into practice. We introduce coercion constraints to relate and generalize subtyping and type c...

For nearly 100 million years, the India subcontinent drifted from Gondwana until its collision with Asia some 50 Ma, during which time the landmass presumably evolved a highly endemic biota. Recent excavations of rich outcrops of 50-52-million-year-old amber with diverse inclusions from the Cambay Shale of Gujarat, western India address this issue. Cambay amber occurs in lignitic and muddy sedi...

Abstract: Cilazapril is a drug commonly used in management of heart failure in pediatric population. On pharmaceutical market it is available only in inconvenient for pediatric use tablet dosage forms. Until now, no oral liquid formulation containing cilazapril has been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare easy to made and palatable 1 mg/mL oral liquid formulation with cil...