Is government ideology important for fiscal policy? I study this question with data from all German States over the period 1975-2005. To identify the effect of ideology, I rely on a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. I find that left-wing state governments spend more than state governments with right-wing and mixed ideology. Deficits of left-wing governments are larger than those of right-w...

The first force map has been generated for a 2 DOF wing designed for the MFI project. For the wing beating at a resonance frequency of 139 Hz, the average 3-D forces were found as a function of sinusoidal voltage amplitude and actuator phase difference. An image sequence of the wing trajectory allowed comparison to simulated forces using a quasi-steady state aerodynamic approximation. Finally, ...

An inverse optimization method coupled with a multiobjective Genetic Algorithm has been applied to design a transonic wing for mid-size regional aircraft. Optimization of target pressure distributions was formulated to give minimum induced drag as well as minimum profile drag. The straight isobar pattern of pressure contours was specified on the upper surface of the wing. To design a realistic ...

Flapping-wing rectifier systems are defined as systems which produce bulk locomotion through the interaction of periodic wing movement with a surrounding environment. A nonlinear model is developed featuring a 6 degree-of-freedom main body (position and orientation) and wing deformation. Each wing may move independently and is described as the motion of many discrete points in the body-fixed co...

This article outlines a new control approach for flapping-wing micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs), inspired both by biological systems and by the need for lightweight actuation and control solutions. In our approach, the aerodynamic forces required for agile motions are achieved indirectly, by modifying passive impedance properties that couple motion of the power stroke to the angle of attack (AoA) o...

HE preceding paper of this series (ROBERTSON 1959) and the present one Tdeal with different parts of a single study of the relations between cell size and number in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster. The reasons for examining this problem together with details of procedure and statistical analysis are given in the earlier paper but a brief resunik will help the reader to appreciate what follo...

We study the dynamics of a rigid, symmetric wing that is flapped vertically in a fluid. The motion of the wing in the horizontal direction is not constrained. Above a critical flapping frequency, forward flight arises as the wing accelerates to a terminal state of constant speed. We describe a number of measurements which supplement our previous work. These include a a study of the initial tran...

Attractor merging can exist in chaotic systems with some kind of symmetry, which makes it possible to form a four-wing attractor from a bistable system. A relatively simple such case is described, which has robust chaos varying from a pair of coexisting symmetric single-wing attractors to a double-wing butterfly attractor, and finally to a four-wing attractor. Basic dynamical characteristics of...

The spectacular success and diversification of insects rests critically on two major evolutionary adaptations. First, the evolution of flight, which enhanced the ability of insects to colonize novel ecological habitats, evade predators, or hunt prey; and second, the miniaturization of their body size, which profoundly influenced all aspects of their biology from development to behavior. However...

Longitudinal folding (plaiting) of forewings at rest has arisen independently in Vespidae, Colletidae, Gasteruptiidae, Figitidae, Leucospidae, and Pompilidae. In the first five families the plaiting fold is similar in position, but in the last family its position is different. A type of wing folding unique to the eucoilid genus Kleidotoma—wrapping flexure—is described. In all cases, evolution o...