Memantine received marketing authorization from the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) for the treatment of moderately severe to severe Alzheimer s disease (AD) in Europe on 17(th) May 2002 and shortly thereafter was also approved by the FDA for use in the same indication in the USA. Memantine is a moderate affinity, uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) recepto...

A computerized infusion system was used to determine mivacurium infusion requirements to maintain 95% and 50% neuromuscular block in 15 infants less than 1 yr of age. Neuromuscular block was measured by adductor pollicis EMG and anaesthesia maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen and alfentanil 50-100 micrograms kg-1 h-1. Neuromuscular block was produced by repeated bolus doses of mivacuriu...

Pharmacodynamics describes the relationship between measures of drug levels in serum and tissue fluids and the antimicrobial and toxicologic effects of drugs (5, 10, 17, 49). While there have been numerous studies describing the pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in serum and tissues, there has been much less emphasis on describing the time course of antimicrobial activity with these drugs. T...

We derive models of the effects of periodic, discrete dosing or constant dosing of antibiotics on a bacterial population whose growth is checked by nutrient-limitation and possibly by host defenses. Mathematically rigorous results providing sufficient conditions for treatment success, i.e., the elimination of the bacteria, as well as for treatment failure, are obtained. Our models can exhibit b...

Aminoglycosides are concentration-dependent killing agents whose pharmacodynamic predictors of efficacy are the area-under-the-curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the peak to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio. Prospective studies have shown that these agents can be given once-daily or less frequently in most clinical settings, with equal efficacy and possible reduced toxici...

Running Title: Anidulafungin for Candida Endophthalmitis 7 Livermore, J.L.,Felton, T.W.,Abbott, J., Sharp, A., Goodwin, J.,Gregson, L., Warn, 8 P.A.,Howard, S.J.,Hope W.W* 9 The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR 10 Translational Research Facility in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of South 11 Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK 12 2 ...

During the last decade, the application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling techniques has become an increasingly important aspect of contemporary clinical psychopharmacology (1–5). These techniques have been applied during the process of development of new drug entities as well as for the improved understanding of the clinical actions of drugs that are already marketed. Techniques ...

Curcuma spp. contain turmerin, essential oils, and curcuminoids, including curcumin. Curcumin [1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione] is regarded as the most biologically active constituent of the spice turmeric and it comprises 2-8% of most turmeric preparations. Preclinical data from animal models and phase I clinical studies performed with human volunteers and patients...

Optimal pharmacotherapy is determined when the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug are understood. However, the age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as the increased interindividual variation mean optimal dose selection are a challenge for prescribing in older adults. Poor understanding of how hepatic clearance and toxicity are different with age r...