the biotechnology industry has grown rapidly in recent years, doubling in size between 2004 and 2014. much attention is given to the potential of the biotechnology industry, from drugs and environmental products currently in the pipeline. these products have the potential to generate tremendous opportunities for society, by improving the quality of health care and producing a cleaner environmen...

Economic problems related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases are presented paying particular attention to the costs of financing treatment, including the issue of its refund, which is a fundamental and difficult to solve economic problem of the health care system. Rare diseases, despite the low frequency of occurrence, together cover a large group of diseases being a se...

This work focuses on a cellular system scenario of a single base station broadcasting incoming files (or users) to multiple receivers over a time-varying channel. The basestation sets a price per receiver and per file to maximize its profit. The files may or may not enter the system depending on the price of service, the delay performance and their randomly determined valuations. Under this sce...

n Antibiotics are essential in the prevention and cure of bacterial infections. n The use of antibiotics generates resistance to their effects, reducing their effectiveness in the prevention and cure of disease. n Resistance is associated with antibiotic usage (appropriate or otherwise), and the interaction of microorganisms, people and the environment. n Resistance is therefore not eradicable,...

One of the major directions of health policy is the attempt to contain expenditures on pharmaceuticals by encouraging substitution of generic for brand name drug products. Yet, a major marketing survey of prescribing and dispensing patterns in California in 1977 found relatively little drug substitution occurring, and in fact substitution of more expensive products occurred more frequently than...