BACKGROUND Age-specific incidence rates for breast cancer in low-risk and high-risk ethnic populations differ by age at which the incidence maximum is reached: around 50 years in low-risk populations and over 60 years in high-risk populations. The interpretation of these differences remains unsettled, one line primarily referring to biological differences, the second one to cohort effects of ra...

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate, yet little is known of the impact this increase will have on society. We sought to determine the clinical and economic burden of a sustained increase in thyroid cancer incidence in the United States and to understand how these burdens correlate with the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) prioritization of thyroid ca...

The death rate for brain cancer, the most common cancer cause of death for children and teens aged 1-19 years, was 24% higher in males (0.73 per 100,000) than females (0.59) aged 1-19 years during 2013-2015. Death rates were higher for males than females for all age groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance for the age group 5-9 years. Death rates caused by brain cancer ...

This review provides a state of the art description of gastric cancer etiology, the infectious agent, host factors, the precancerous cascade, clinical aspects, and prevention strategies. The biology of Helicobacter pylori, the primary causative agent, is discussed as well as the environmental factors that may modulate its effects.

In summary, the hormonal hypothesis remains one of the most important hypotheses in prostate cancer etiology. Although epidemiologic data regarding the role of hormones are still inconclusive, there are many intriguing leads. Armed with more complete methodological data, state-of-the-art hormone assays, sound epidemiologic design, and a more thorough analytical approach, a new generation of stu...

It is clear from descriptive and migration studies that most cancer is environmental in origin. Descriptive, case-control and cohort studies have provided the foundation for our understanding of the environmental component of cancer etiology as well as most major causes of morbidity and mortality. We propose that the same epidemiologic methods that have provided fundamental insight into the eti...

OBJECTIVE [corrected] To estimate the association between passive and active smoking exposures and lung cancer in Mexico City and the corresponding attributable risks. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data was analyzed from a multicenter population-based case-control study conducted in Mexico City. RESULTS ORs for lung cancer in ever smokers were 6.2 (95% CI 3.9-10.2) for males and 2.8 (95% CI 1.7-4.4)...

OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels would be higher among prostate cancer deaths as compared with controls over time in the 25-year follow-up of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial of participants ages 35-57 at entry. METHODS The initial stored serum samples were collected in 1973-1975 and the mean length of follow-up to prostate cancer deat...

Introduction Drugs and other xenobiotics have effects that may vary greatly among individuals. Such variability in effect may be due to variability in either pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. The major determinant of variability in pharmacokinetics is drug metabolism, which in many cases is due to polymorphisms in the genes for drug-metabolizing enzymes (1). This often results in subpopulat...