the study of flight vehicle structures reveals the importance of obtaining the most suitable accuracy compatible with construction. for this purpose, several experiments were conducted at the agard institute. in this paper the results of one such experiment performed on a sample airplane wing are presented. aircraft structural engineers use several methods to model these structures. specifing h...

This study describes the initial phases of wing morphogenesis of Megoura viciae Buckton (Homoptera Aphididae). We evaluated the development of wing buds in males (winged) and parthenogenetic females (presumed to become wingless) of M. viciae from birth to 4 instar. Wing bud epithelium in males is initially simple, becoming bistratified and then progressing to stratify. Mitotic activity is more ...

A multi-objective optimization (MOO) of two-element wing models with morphing flap by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, artificial neural networks (ANN), and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms (NSGA II), is performed in this paper. At first, the domain is solved numerically in various two-element wing models with morphing flap using CFD techniques and lift (L) and drag ...

abstract: in this paper, optimization of boeing 747 wing has been accomplished for cruise condition (mach number=0.85, flight altitude=35000 ft), where an optimal wing shape is proposed. objective functions are minimization of wing weight and drag force that as well as confining design parameters, two functional constrains are applied. the first functional constrain is fuel tank volume in the a...

The Drosophila wing consists of a transparent wing membrane supported by a network of wing veins. Previously, we have shown that the wing membrane cuticle is not flat but is organized into ridges that are the equivalent of one wing epithelial cell in width and multiple cells in length. These cuticle ridges have an anteroposterior orientation in the anterior wing and a proximodistal orientation ...

In this study the centre manifold is applied for reduction and limit cycle calculation of a highly nonlinear structural aeroelastic wing. The limit cycle is arisen from structural nonlinearity due to the large deflection of the wing. Results obtained by different orders of centre manifolds are compared with those obtained by time marching method (fourth-order Runge-Kutta method). These comparis...

A wing-design study has been conducted on a 65 swept leading-edge delta wing in which the wing geometry was modi ed to take advantage of the naturally occurring ow that forms over a slender wing in a supersonic ow eld. Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis methods were used in the study which was divided into three parts|preliminary design, initial design, and nal design. In the preliminary desi...

The aim of this paper is to provide an aeroelastic computational tool which determines the induced wing loads during flapping flight. For this purpose, a Finite Element (FE) code based on a four-node plate bending element formulation is developed to simulate the aeroelastic behavior of flapping wings in low incompressible flow. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is incorporated into the aeroelast...

the carob moth, ectomyelois ceratoniae (zeller), belongs to the family pyralidae and the subfamily phycitinae. in spite of some features of sexual dimorphism in size and shape in the order lepidoptera and the mentioned family, it has not been recorded in this species. in the current study, sexual dimorphism in the wing shape and size of carob moth on four hosts (pomegranate, fig, pistachio and ...

Extensive wind tunnel tests are conducted to evaluate surface pressure distribution of a semi span swept wing. The wing section has a laminar flow airfoil similar to NACA 6-series airfoils. The investigations are conducted at various speeds and angles of attack. Surface pressure distribution over the wing upper surface is measured for both chordwise and spanwise sections. Statistical analyses a...