maruf al rosafi is one of the four great iraqi poets. the other three are al zahavi, al kazemi and al shabibi. he was born in baghdad, iraq in 1875. he had learned reading- writing and memorizing quran in traditional iraqi schools and then entered the army college. he could not deal with the courses so had started self studies and went to religious schools. his instructor, alus had motivated hi...

description of the nature in arab literature of jáhilyya (bedouin) was a salient aspect of its artistic and rhetorical manner. moreover after muslems dispersion in other occupied territories, description of the landscapes suited more to the taste of arabs. though she'b bawwan (the vale of bawwán) has remained unknown in history and literature of iran, it has been more well-known and memorable i...

nima yooshij applied various techniques in order to describe diverse poetic subjects. this research deals with analysing the usage of these expressive techniques from two perspectives - poetic and structural. nima applied structural expressive techniques more often than poetic expressive techniques in order to describe various poetic subjects. these techniques include adjectives, adverbs, adjec...