The dissimilarity index is a useful tool for understanding the spatial mismatch, or geographic separation, between groups. Specifically the measure is often used to show patterns of residential segregation between racial and ethnic groups in a geographic area. Steven Raphael and Michael Stoll in “Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s” use the index...

In the past 5 years, there has been a significant rise in the number of trained and fully qualified specialists in intensive care medicine. Recent concerns about saturation of specialist employment opportunities and the prospect of new Fellows unable to find appropriate employment after completion of training has brought intensive care workforce issues to the forefront. The board members of the...

BACKGROUND Intersectoral action is now widely recognized as an effective approach to addressing the social determinants of health. In particular, collaboration between different sectors of the community has been recommended as a strategy for developing employment opportunities for persons diagnosed with mental illness. However, there is limited evidence on the actual implementation of intersect...

Work plays a fundamental role in people’s lives. Not only is it a critical source of income, but it also empowers people, gives them a sense of purpose and strengthens social cohesion. Decent and stable work provides the security necessary for individuals and their family members to thrive in society. In fact, labour is often the only asset available to the poor, with its earnings providing the...

The Mark of a Criminal Record Over the past three decades, the number of prison inmates has increased by more than 500 percent, leaving the United States the country with the highest incarceration rate in the world. With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through the crimin...

Immigrants’ Responsiveness to Labor Market Conditions and Its Implications on Regional Disparities: Evidence from Spain Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa) from 1999 through 2004, we explore the role of regional employment opportunities in explaining the increasing immigrant flows of recent years despite the limited internal mobility on the part of nati...

Introduction The objective of this chapter is to investigate the relationship between the growth of off-farm employment opportunities and educational attainment in rural China. Since the beginning of the reform era in the late-1970's off-farm employment has surged and education levels have risen dramatically. However, a persistent gap has formed between rural and urban areas, both in terms of i...

OBJECTIVES Negative associations between non-employment and health among older people are well established and are potentially important for successful ageing. However, opportunities to improve health through re-employment or extending working lives are limited as later-life exits from employment are often unwanted and permanent. We aim to establish a greater understanding of the psychosocial m...