Ensembles of learning machines have been formally and empirically shown to outperform (generalise better than) single predictors in many cases. Evidence suggests that ensembles generalise better when they constitute members which form a diverse and accurate set. Additionally, there have been a multitude of theories on how one can enforce diversity within a combined predictor setup. We recently ...

Throughout the history of evolutionary theory a number of scientists have argued that evolution proceeds along a limited number of definite trajectories, a concept and group of theories known as "orthogenesis". Beginning in the 1880s, influential evolutionists including Theodor Eimer, Edward Drinker Cope, and Leo Berg argued that a fully causal explanation of evolution must take into account th...

Textbooks and most of the evolutionary literature talk about evolutionary forces acting on a population. The analog y was proposed by Elliott Sober (1984) who arg ues that evolutionary theory is a theory of forces because, in the same way that different forces of Newtonian mechanics cause chang es in the movement of bodies, evolutionary forces cause chang es in g ene and/or g enotype frequencie...

If co-evolutionary theory is to combine both intentionality and environmental effects, then it must also acknowledge that managers are able to perceive and respond to changes in their organizations’ environments. In other words, co-evolutionary theory must acknowledge and account for co-evolutionary mental models. By examining a new organizational form in which models of organizational formatio...

Are the methods and strategies that evolutionary psychologists use to generate and test hypotheses scientifically defensible? This target article addresses this question by reviewing principles of philosophy of science that are used to construct and evaluate metatheoretical research programs and applying these principles to evaluate evolutionary psychology. Examples of evolutionary models of fa...

the present study aims to offer a constructivist/realistic vision toward the nature and elements of science according to the historical evolution of philosophical perspectives on science. this is done with the aim of revising in science education. according to the findings obtained by this study a two-dimensional model is proposed for explaining elements of science and the related essential cha...

Here, we provide a review of the direct effect of increasing CO2 on aquatic primary producers through its function as a source of carbon, focusing our analysis on the interpretation of this increase as an increase in the availability of a resource. This provides an interesting context to evaluate ecological and evolutionary theories relating to nutrient availability and leads us to: the assessm...

Enforcing diversity explicitly in ensembles while at the same time making individual predictors accurate as well has been shown to be promising. This idea was recently taken into account in the algorithm DIVACE. There have been a multitude of theories on how one can enforce diversity within a combined predictor setup. This paper aims to bring these theories together in an attempt to synthesise ...