This paper shows how fertility is determined in a model that assumes the existence of child care services. When child care services exist, two stable multiple equilibria result: One is a stable, steady state that brings about low fertility with low labor participation; the other, a stable state that brings about high fertility with high labor participation. Moreover, this paper also analyzes th...

Bangladesh has realized a growth in child killings and abuse in recent years; most of the sufferers have been lowly and poor children. Islam strictly prohibits the all sorts of abuse towards child. Islamic basic norms to the child are love, mercy and compassion which are uniquely practiced by the Prophet (s.m). This article is attempted to grow attention of Islamic guidelines against the abuse ...

Raising children demands a considerable amount of parental time, obliging working parents either to further reduce their leisure or to buy child-care services in the market. Parents may face additional opportunity costs upon deciding to participate in the labor market, but these are difficult to measure. Using a survey instrument in Belgium and Germany, we estimate the income compensation neede...

Analyzing a homogenous household setting with endogenous fertility and endogenous labor supply, we demonstrate that moving from joint taxation to individual taxation and adapting child benefits so as to keep fertility constant entails a Pareto improvement. The change is associated with an increase in labor supply and consumption and a reduction of the marginal income tax, while the child benefi...

Unlike in the United States where fertility is found to be negatively correlated with female labor force participation, China has witnessed a decrease in both fertility and female labor force participation since the 1980s. Does fertility play a different role in female labor force participation in China than in the U.S.? To answer this question, this paper exploits plausibly exogenous variation...