in this paper, the concept of conjectural variation (cv) is used to specify optimal generation decision for generation companies (gencos). the conjecture of genco is defined as its belief or expectation about the reaction of rivals to change of its output. using cv method, each genco has to learn and estimate strategic behaviors of other competitors from available historical market operation da...

in restructured power systems and in a wholesale power market, a distribution company as a market player intends to maximize its profit by utilizing its options. hence determining an optimal energy acquisition strategy for a distribution company is vital, for attaining to this goal. however an important challenge for determining these strategies is forecasting other competitors and generation c...

In social animals, competition among males for mates affects individual reproductive success. The priority-of-access model attempts to account for the influence of demographic conditions within groups upon male reproductive success, but empirical data for testing this model are scarce. Our long-term study of chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, encompasses a period of steady dec...

Environments are patchy in not only abiotic factors but also biotic ones. Many studies have examined effects of spatial heterogeneity in abiotic factors such as light, water and nutrients on the growth of clonal plants, but few have tested those in biotic factors. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine how patchy distributions of competitors affect the growth of a rhizomatous wetland p...

Abstract Background and aims Southwest Australia is a biodiversity hotspot, with greatest plant species diversity on the most severely phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils. Here, non-mycorrhizal highly-effective carboxylate-releasing P-acquisition strategies coexist mycorrhizal that are less effective at accessing P these Non-mycorrhizal facilitate acquisition of neighbours better defended against...