BACKGROUND In Sweden, scrotal or inguinal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field has traditionally been an important part of the surgical skills training of veterinary students. Few substances meet the legal requirements for field anaesthesia of production animals in the European Union but a protocol based on azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine does. Unfortunately the anaesthesia is...

Non-somatic causes of pain may aggravate painful complaints and complicate the conservative management of diseases such as lumbo-sacral disk root disease. The two-point discrimination test has been used for assessment of diseases, which change patients' skin sensation. This study aims to find out how applicable is two-point discrimination test in the conservative treatment of lumbo-sacral disk ...

AIM Cutaneous markers in the lumbo-sacral region are indicators of occult spinal dysrhaphism and tethered cord. By means of spinal sonography, anatomical abnormalities of the spinal cord can be shown in the neonatal period. PATIENTS We report on 6 infants with lumbo-sacral cutaneous abnormalities who were investigated with a high resolution linear transducer (> 7.5 MHz) and a computer sonogra...

The neuromuscular system acts to maintain postural stability and reduce the impact of deleterious loads on the spine. Exercising of the abdominal muscles has become widely used in the management of low back pain in order to provide this supplement to spinal stability. Several exercise programmes have been advocated to promote stabilization but evaluation is difficult. This study evaluates two c...

The necessity for arthrodesis of the lumbo-sacral spine after laminectomy has been performed arises mainly in the treatment of spondylolisthesis and some lesions of the intervertebral discs. In most cases of spondylolisthesis the lamina is loose and unattached to its body, so it can play no useful part in the fusion operation. Apart from this, it should in all cases be removed to allow a thorou...