2D Material Bubbles: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications

Gases, liquids, and solids trapped underneath 2D materials deform the atomically thin material into micro- nano-bubbles. Bubbles can form spontaneously or in controlled manners. Direct indirect methods were used to probe chemical contents inside these bubbles. There are a vast number of combinations possible for matter that bubble, which makes bubbles versatile platform exploring rich nanoscale phenomena. conducive creating confined pressurized environments trap chemicals induce reactions at high temperature. Atomically allow situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation reactions. also alter physical properties due nonuniform strain fields they generate. When supported by substrates, interface coalesce nano- microscale These often negatively impact performance devices as impede charge/photon/phonon transport across interface. The difficulties created spurred research understand how form, whether their formation be controlled, what kind is them. have since been exploited novel chemistry physics because ability pressurize confining material. fabrication, characterization, applications summarized this review. adsorbed contamination accumulates on surfaces when exposed ambient conditions. transition electronic structure such electrons hopping from valence band conduction require change momentum, typically electron–phonon interactions. situation capillary forces liquids relatively large enough cause elastic deformation solid structures. pressure differential curved surface. spontaneous thermodynamic process smaller particles diffuse larger particles. distributions affect electrons, analogous effect magnetic field applied perpendicularly graphene basal plane would those electrons. attractive force between two bodies varies with separation consideration. give rise vdW bonding result fluctuating dipole interactions atoms constitute neighboring bodies.