3D printing of dual-cell delivery titanium alloy scaffolds for improving osseointegration through enhancing angiogenesis and osteogenesis

Abstract Background The repair of large bone defects is a great challenge for orthopedics. Although the development three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) implants with optimized pore structure have effectively promoted osseointegration. However, due to biological inertia Ti6Al4Vsurface and neglect angiogenesis, some patients still suffer from postoperative complications such as dislocation or loosening prosthesis. Methods purpose this study was construct 3D porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds filled marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) endothelial progenitor (EPC) loaded hydrogel evaluate efficacy composite on osteogenesis thus promoting Results porosity size prepared were 69.2 ± 0.9 % 593.4 16.9 ?m, respectively, which parameters beneficial ingrowth blood vessel formation. BMSC EPC into pores after being encapsulated by hydrogels can maintain high viability. As cell containing implant, incorporated enhancing angiogenesis efficiently. At transcriptional level, implant up-regulated expression levels osteogenesis-related genes alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) osteocalcin OCN ), angiogenesis-related hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha HIF-1? vascular growth VEGF ). Conclusions Overall, strategy loading incorporate promising treatment improving