A numerical and theoretical study of wind over fast-propagating water waves

Effects of fast-propagating water waves on the overlying wind are investigated using simulation and theoretical analysis. By performing a large eddy (LES) turbulent over with high wave age, we observe that perturbation to velocity pressure by waves, or wave-induced airflow, is mainly induced vertical movement surface. We perform scaling analysis show stress effects fast airflow negligible. Moreover, find curvilinear model developed for opposing Cao et al. ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 901, 2020, p. A27) provides predictions agree well present LES results following waves. Our analyses indicate quasilinear process. To elucidate mechanisms effects, split into two equations corresponding kinematics forcing elevation, respectively. Using these equations, illustrate component orbital induces strong perturbation, which produces dominant components determines its overall spatial structure. Furthermore, discover weak forced via viscous generate form drag