Accuracy Comparison on Culvert-Modified Digital Elevation Models of DSMA and BA Methods Using ALS Point Clouds

High-resolution digital elevation models (HR-DEMs) originating from airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds must be transformed into Culvert-modified DEMs for hydrological and geomorphological analysis. To produce a culvert-modified DEM, information on the locations of drainage structures (DSs) (e.g., bridges culverts) is essential. Nevertheless, DS mapping techniques, whether in connection with development new methods or an application setting existing methods, have always been complicated. Consequently, wide area data are rare, making it challenging to DEM capacity. Alternatively, breach algorithm (BA) method standard procedure obtain absence data, solving problem some extent. This paper addresses this shortcoming using newly developed structure (DSMA) obtaining 36 km2 Vermont, USA. Benchmark used as reference assess performance DSMA compared BA method. A consistent methodological framework formulated mapped resultant then respectively. The DSs found were reported true positive (TP), false (FP), negative (FN). Based TP, FP, FN both evaluation metrics rate (FPR) (i.e., commission error) (FNR) omission computed. Our showed that DSMA-based resulted FPR 0.05 federal highway authorities (FHWA) roads 0.12 non-FHWA roads. FNR FHWA was 0.07, roads, 0.38. 0.28 0.62 Similarly, 0.32 0.61 statistics based more accurate method, producing robust.