Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services: Reconciling Values of Humans and Nature in Sustainable Development
نویسندگان
چکیده
Agroforestry as active area of multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research aims to bridge several artificial divides that have respectable historical roots but hinder progress toward sustainable development goals. These include: (1) The segregation “forestry trees” “agricultural crops”, ignoring the continuity in functional properties functions; farm-scale “Agroforestry-1” concept seeks reconnect perennial annual, woody nonwoody plants across forest–agriculture divide markets for inputs outputs. (2) identification agriculture with provisioning services assumed monopoly forests on other ecosystem (including hydrology, carbon storage, biodiversity conservation) landscape, challenged by opportunity “integrated” solutions at landscape scale “Agroforestry-2” explores. (3) gaps among local knowledge farmers/agroforesters managers, contributions social ecological sciences, path-dependency forestry, environmental or agricultural institutions, emerging policy responses “issue attention cycles” public debate, is focus “Agroforestry-3” concept. Progress understanding social–ecological–economic systems practitioners–science–policy interface requires both instrumental relational values nature are appreciated, they complement critical steps progressing issue cycles three scales. A set hypotheses can guide further research.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Land
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2073-445X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070699