Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Upstream Province of Vietnamese Mekong Delta Using Multivariate Statistics

The study employed different statistical approaches to assess surface water quality in the upstream region of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. dataset included seven parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and coliform) at seventy-three locations. Cluster analysis (CA) principal component (PCA) were applied analyze spatial variations recognize important parameters. findings revealed that was deteriorated by organic matters (high BOD5 COD), nutrients microorganisms. Particularly, urban areas found be more polluted than other areas. PCA results indicated three potential pollution sources, including industry, tourism, could explain 87.03% variance. Coliform identified as leading latent factor controls area. CA grouped sampling locations into 11 groups, which groups baseline monitoring sites large rivers had better quality. a significant impact anthropogenic activities (especially, tourism practices) degradation. Moreover, suggested numbers reduced from 73 58 locations, lowering 20.54% cost. Thus, recommends scrutinizing current system economic urgently implementing appropriate solutions mitigate coliform smaller bodies.