Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells

Annealing is one of the processing methods that are used for fabrication defect-free, photoactive perovskite films with compact grains in highly efficient and stable solar cells (PSCs). Thus, annealing temperature a key parameter control interdiffusion (of constituent elements) films. In this paper, we present results systematic study effects on elements formamidinium-based PSCs. We also explore annealing-induced layer microstructures, local strains, optoelectronic properties observe dramatic upward diffusion tin (Sn) titanium (Ti) from fluorine-doped oxide dioxide (TiO2) to downward lead (Pb) iodine (I) mesoporous electron transporting (ETL), after at temperatures between 100 150 °C. The diffused I substitutes Ti ETL, which improves films, 130 occurs higher (between 140 °C) levels interdiffusion, along increased strains nucleation pores cracks. Finally, implications discussed design PSCs improved photoconversion efficiencies stability.