Answering Causal Questions Using Observational Data : Achievements of the 2021 Nobel Laureates in Economics

In the 1980s and 1990s, field of labour economics was at forefront combining economic theory, high-level econometric methods new data sources. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Economics awarded to David Card, Joshua Angrist Guido Imbens, who played key roles this research, for their “empirical contributions economics” (Card) “methodological analysis causality relationships” (Angrist Imbens), according citation. These methodological innovations are now applied all fields many other social science disciplines. Credible empirical has transformed from a rather theoretical discipline into dominated by results, where even most fundamental theories can be rejected on basis results. paper, we review main achievements period, also known as credibility revolution, illustrated some applications.