Assessment of Spatial Variations in Pesticide, Heavy Metal, and Selenium Residues in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Products

Apis mellifera L. is considered one of the most important pollinators in nature. Unfortunately, addition to other insect species, honey bee populations are decreasing at an alarming rate, urging researchers investigate causes and stressors that precipitated this decline. This study focuses on chemical found affect populations. We used pollen samples examine variations pesticides, selenium, heavy metals two different landscapes: urban agricultural areas northeastern Colorado, USA. Subsequently, we extrapolated risks these toxins’ residues spp. Based current literature, no spatial metal selenium concentrations collected from areas. Moreover, observed pesticide samples. previous literature a comparison metals, pesticides our samples, some likely pose severe health risk bees. Although levels were below documented thresholds risk, consider possibility synergistic impacts. Our findings support future efforts associated with multiple-factor combinations.