Biometric multi?factor authentication: On the usability of the <scp>FingerPIN</scp> scheme

Fingerprint-based authentication has been successfully adopted in a wide range of applications, including law enforcement and immigration, due to its numerous advantages over traditional password-based authentication. Despite the usability accuracy this technology, some significant concerns still exist, which can potentially hinder further adoption. For instance, fingerprint is permanently associated with an individual and, once stolen, cannot be replaced, thus compromising biometric-based To mitigate concern, we previously designed multi-factor approach that integrates Type-1 Type-3 factors into fingerprint-based personal identification number (PIN). authenticate, subject required present sequence fingerprints corresponding digits PIN, based on predefined secret mapping between fingers. We conducted preliminary vulnerability analysis demonstrated robust compromise one or more subject's fingerprints. The objective work presented paper identify any issues for FingerPIN scheme, collect qualitative quantitative data through user study, determine participants' satisfaction mechanism. carried out systematic tests, suitable performance metrics assessing initial cohort 100 individuals, performed comparative scheme against sequential schemes.