Capacity as “virtual stock” in ecosystem services accounting

Wealth Accounting, Ecological Capital and Ecosystem Services

This paper develops a methodology for including ecosystem services in a wealth accounting framework. Accounting for ecosystems and their services leads to adjusting net domestic product (NDP) for the direct benefits provided by the current stock of ecosystems but not for their indirect contributions in terms of protecting or supporting economic activity, property and human lives. When ecosystem...

Accounting for Nature's Benefits: The Dollar Value of Ecosystem Services

Accounting for ecosystem services as a way to understand the requirements for sustainable development.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment documented the importance of ecosystem services. It is therefore important that these services are included in our economic accounts (Standard National Accounts), as long as we believe that these accounts should tell us something about our wellbeing. This requires measures of the ecosystem assets and their accounting prices. This article discusses how the concept...

Accounting for Capital Stock

When the shares are issued, that can be explained as an issuance of shares at their fair value or a stock split or the combination of both. Stock dividends can be considered as a combination of capitalization of retained earnings and stock split (stock split theory). But, it can also be explained by using fictitious transaction such as payment of cash dividend and subsequent issuance of shares ...

The Virtual Ecosystem as Generative Electronic Art

This paper proposes four desirable attributes of processes to be applied in generative electronic art. By example, it then demonstrates that the virtual ecosystem in its entirety is a process with many of these desirable attributes. The paper contrasts this process with the use of cellular automata. It outlines a number of generative artworks with which the author has been involved that utilize...