Catching up with <scp>AI</scp>: Pushing toward a cohesive governance framework

Artificial Intelligence (AI) contributes to public administration by augmenting services, including managing big data and information technology. AI is currently utilized in e-government services that contribute value American citizens, providing a personalized customer experience, such as linking individualized processing individual assistance requests. Furthermore, can take over redundant routine tasks digital provisioning delivering services. However, the United States, there no overarching policy governs AI. Inconsistent distrust of AI, concerns about privacy intrusion, fears inequitable service delivery. This review article discusses rapid emergence government applications provides systematic proposed governance models. It then outlines their common components for purpose building coherent, yet adaptable, Governance Framework proposes research agenda researchers. Glen, Carol M. 2014. “Internet Governance: Territorializing Cyberspace?” Politics & Policy 42(5): 635–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12093. 2021. “Norm Entrepreneurship Global Cybersecurity.” 49(5): 1121–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12430. Zeng, Jinghan, Tim Stevens, Yaru Chen. 2017. “China's Solution Cyber Unpacking Domestic Discourse ‘Internet Sovereignty.’” 45(3): 432–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202. La inteligencia artificial (IA) contribuye la administración pública al aumentar los servicios públicos, incluida gestión de y tecnología información. IA se utiliza actualmente en gobierno electrónico que aportan valor ciudadanos estadounidenses, lo incluye brindar una experiencia personalizada cliente, como vincular datos individualizados procesar solicitudes asistencia individuales. Además, puede hacerse cargo tareas rutinarias redundantes, el suministro información prestación servicios. Sin embargo, Estados Unidos, existe política general rija IA. inconsistente desconfianza IA, las preocupaciones sobre intrusión privacidad temores equitativa. Este artículo revisión analiza rápida aparición aplicaciones gubernamentales proporciona sistemática modelos gobernanza propuestos. Luego describe sus componentes comunes con propósito construir un Marco Gobernanza coherente, pero propone investigación para investigadores políticas administración. 人工智能(AI)通过增强公共服务(包括管理大数据和信息技术)，为公共行政作贡献。人工智能目前用于电子政务服务，后者为美国公民带来价值，包括提供个性化的客户体验，例如链接个性化数据和处理个人援助请求。此外，人工智能可接管冗余的日常任务，例如数字信息供应与交付服务。不过，在治理人工智能方面，美国还没有一个总体政策。不一致的公共政策是导致公众不信任人工智能、担忧隐私侵犯和不公平的服务交付的原因之一。本篇述评探讨了政府应用人工智能一事的迅速兴起，并对人工智能治理模型进行了系统性综述。本文随后概述了这些模型的共同组成部分，以建立一个一致的、具有适应性的人工智能治理框架，并为政策和行政研究人员提出了一项研究议程。 has become an important asset many organizations. driven explosion need enable automation (Ingrams et al., 2021). utilizing offer opportunities innovate almost every aspect human life (Gehl Sampath, Examples include autonomous transportation (Eyert 2022), health-care systems (Morley international relationships (Garcia, 2018), 2021), security, military (Fischer Wenger, private enterprise (Greiman, 2019). augment cognitive capabilities, adequately distributing social entire nation (Erman Furendal, 2022) improving humanitarian (van den Homberg 2020), economic (Beaumier Kalomeni, legal (Gellers, other policies (Cihon 2020). promises expand access at affordable price 2022). While inequalities continue grow parts world (Dauvergne, AI's capability could identify sources inequality more equitably allocate resources. As result, technology improve unequal distribution limited resources among different classes. much been promised concerning its benefits detriments are not well understood. Moreover, gone wrong percolate popular discourse. There misuse warfare 2022; Fischer 2021; Greiman, 2019), cyberattacks violations (Mohamed 2012), disruption peace security 2018). Transparency paramount trust public, which once open promise wary potential Therefore, it necessary establish provide appropriate governance; minimize sector confusion; protect privacy, fairness, equity Further, investment in, effective use of, smart technology, increase positive views (Mehr, 2017). The core framework enhance collaboration institutions, society, any interested parties, while promoting constructive environment preventing harm society (Wirtz aim this varying frameworks implemented consider how commonalities help researchers push toward creating single Framework. begins briefly reviewing national, state, local governments. systematically reviews governance. includes both those scholarly literature already employed governments businesses. valuable contrast various types frameworks, each one trying approach complex moving unprecedented speed gaining national attention. practical calm citizens' also achieving gains from presents We argue practitioners Finally, concludes with recommendations will scholars achieve interdisciplinary becoming ubiquitous 194 countries strategic partners using, or planning use, multiple (Butcher Beridze, 2019; Dafoe, 2018; Morin Reddy Some these agriculture, financial health care, pandemic response, science, transportation, weather forecasting (NAII, State delivery using emergency response care. Local considering deal urbanization issues solve problems economy, fighting crime, (Yigitcanlar Internationally, address highly interconnected climate change (Tamburrini, Woo, Climate threatens planet being used discover ways management avoid major disruptions (Valle-Cruz Scientists have demonstrated fossil fuels air, ground, marine changes Earth's (Davenport Kalakota, Maity 2020; Talaviya Vazquez 2021) helping (Maity U.S. Department Transportation (DOT) National Science Technology Council (NSTC) confident air ground unmanned aircraft vehicles green energy. Doing so would reduce nation's carbon footprint, deaths, economy (NST DOT, Another area where strengthen defense (DoD.gov, Defense (DoD) strategies. ability recognize patterns, learn previous collected, analyze data, prediction all borders cyberspace, safeguard citizens Besides around world, particularly Russia China, making large investments political objectives. DoD proactive strategy vital be prepared unexpected movements cyber threats created nation-states Agriculture assist decision (USDA.gov, Farmers AI-based equipment, drones, robots, microcontrollers antiquated agriculture methods, real-time monitoring, harvesting, processing, marketing (Talaviya enhances analysis farmers assists tracking, development better methods industry With change, receiving benefit manage crops reducing waste consumer areas defined objectives, process amount delivery, efficiency desire improved States citizen driver's licenses, support policing criminal justice migrated online secure portals, easy access. agencies now focus on issues, solving systemic problems, requests, entry, applications, speeding requested aiding fire prevention, deep learning firefighters visualizing situations may obvious humans (Surya, neural networks monitor dry regions, humidity levels, grass areas, precipitation, satellite information, high-resolution images transformative growth socio-economic conditions, crime control, Yigitcanlar Cities across researching urban conditions through innovative algorithms, sensors, electronics create network interacts businesses, (Kankanhalli continuous population fluctuations, demand additional housing current (e.g., water, sewer, electricity, police, others), safety Each applications. part Smart concept (Criado Gil-Garcia, encompasses go beyond government. sensors Internet things (IoT) make reality amenities communities (Jablonski, 2017; Kankanhalli located city, communicate devices visitors For example, municipal city planners want accessible vast array amenities, alerts, infrastructure, map education, location businesses attractions, agency locations Housing Community Development (DHCD) Newport, Rhode Island, coastal conditions. region Newport propensity flooding massive waves (Spaulding (ANN) utilize wind speed, water levels predict future monitoring allows DHCD severe lives industry, improves medical research, augments well-being image pattern detection results certain specialties, ophthalmology (Ting Food Drug Administration (FDA) granted permission developers manufacturers develop AI-powered (IDX-DR) staff diabetic retinopathy (FDA.gov, 2018a). OsteoDectect aids diagnosis wrist fractures adults 2018b). emerged combating COVID-19 (Bansal 2020) discovery patterns based “age, sex, pre-existing conditions” factors wide range move remains shrouded significant controversies (Ramio Matas, Ulnicane These originate lack guide implementation resolve confusion shows (Gahnberg, Garcia, demands urgent action (Bolton Schmitt, occurring faster than technological developments. Thus, actors who design immediate actions regulating before difficult regulate global threat. Governments, non-governmental organizations, experimenting approaches In section, we prominent contrasting EU, sector. To end, conducted literature. A Web search was terms “artificial intelligence” AND “governance.” produced total 1504 journal articles published between 1990 2022. selected Public journals. most directly discuss govern Other computer law, focused private-sector narrowing yielded 134 articles. After reading abstracts, determined 54 were relevant review. read extracted key presented frameworks. turn elements. Table 1 summarizes several similarities, establishing acceptance actors, risk mitigation. But differences. (Kruk Macro level—societal, cultural, (Nathan Hyams, Collaborative Support states (Haiyong, Ethics—moral values, collection (Nitzberg Zysman, Explainability—comprehension algorithm comes given conclusion (Grimmelikhuijsen, Role control—human control following rational communication, authority, specialization (Bullock Services expressed standard format, input, outputs, basic user interface (Eom, Organizing—operational practices, management, governance, decision-making arrangements (Koskimies Kinder, Equal representation—all coordinate promote (af Malmborg Trondal, Several International Mutuality Trust attempt define include: Gahnberg (2021) describes regulation constraints performance measures within framework. Wirtz others (2020) lens traditional regulatory process. Similarly, Haiyong considers infrastructure law means Koskimies Kinder (2022) concepts context culture when describing policies, structures, procedures, standards, rules. Nitzberg Zysman concept, ethics, setting moral values determining data. Risk involves direct agent's indirect shaping uses method considered algorithms bias against ethnic groups, individuals Various communication formation Collaboration asset, especially leaders fact, some collaborative machines coexist, working together organizations' objectives mention organization, operational processes, essential success stakeholders. af Trondal present three elements: equal representation, coordination. identified however, capture elements farther afield policy. They incorporate science features even draw fiction. Nathan Hyams catastrophic risk, micro, meso, macro levels. Digital Twin Bureaucracy framework, Eom links virtual physical world. essence, argues rules exist bureaucratic should inside environment. attempts practices combine organization processes functions efficient. Algorithm transparency another governing varies significantly they share objective developing evaluate international, arguing set studied Nation-states vary greatly strategies (Radu, 2 examples good reasons enacting nations collaborate Presently, Organization Economic Cooperation Development, G7, G20, Nations (UN) engaged conversations order requires consideration domestic political, economic, instituting First, serves prevention possibility warfare, prevents espionage, terrorist attacks non-state Second, trust, aspirations, geopolitical efforts UN enthusiastic interest safeguarding rules, norms. leading European countries, Asian Japan, South Korea, Indonesia similarities countries' but aspects unique EU touching standards commissioners EU's viewed model (EuroNews, respects, happening. Act 2021 refined compared Given diverse membership, had find balanced risks organizations (Shumilo Kerikmäe, makers collaborated unifying guidelines, type treating potentially high whenever systems. secondary provision, called soft ethics code guidelines follows similar regulations established community, “NGOs, multinational corporations, transnational organizations” understands software evolve, realizes solely existing legislative (de Almeida Gellert, philosophy behind if machine capable thinking like brain, must held accountable. Parliament Committee Legal Affairs responsible holding accountable encourages experts field regulators basis principles “privacy, accountability, transparency, explain ability, fairness non-discrimination, professional responsibility, promotion values” federal state taking (Yoo Lai, piecemeal approach. formal universal government's enact slower Instead, do burden continued encourage cooperation Executive Order 13859 February 11, 2019 (Maintaining Leadership Intelligence) Initiative 2020 form (Bignami, Gill, creates organized numerous agencies. directed White House Office Technology. 13960 captures essence be: (1) respectful values; (2) performance-driven; (3) safe, secure, resilient; (4) understandable; (5) traceable; (6) regularly monitored; (7) transparent; (8) Private consider, institutions creation hybrid arrangement liability, strengthens internal business controls, increases responsibility 2012). One differences sectors operates capital utilizes avenues open-source coding continual new product (Dafoe, utilization companies seeking profit margins fiscal risks. sector, behavior less predictable oversight critical element finding balance sector's aligning interest, causing adverse situations, compromising IT prominently Control Objectives Information Related (COBIT) ISO 17799. addresses (Tuttle Vandervelde, 2007; von Solms, 2005). COBIT Treadway Commission's Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). “helps controls” 2007, p. 241). “seven criteria: Effectiveness; Efficiency; Confidentiality; Integrity; Availability; Compliance; Reliability” 243). Using maintain flexibility innovation 17799 detailed security. policy; security; management; environmental communications operations control; acquisition, development, maintenance; (9) incident (10) continuity (11) compliance (ISO, 2015). Whereas COBIT's "what" governance—such architecture structure—maintains professionals, granular covering management. holistic view whereas focuses details. Instead rejecting elected (Abu-Musa, 2009; Tuttle Drawing our useful common, flexible, learning, protection, civil rights, safety. Holding predictive same decisions (Chiao, court system, lawyers judges technical credentials fault acting unethicall