Cerebral ischemia and the unfolded protein response

REVIEW Cerebral ischemia and the unfolded protein response

We review studies of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The UPR is a cell stress program activated when misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen. UPR activation causes: (i) a PERK-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2a, inhibiting protein synthesis to prevent further accumulation of unfolded proteins in th...

Unfolding the Unfolded Protein Response: Unique Insights into Brain Ischemia

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for processing of proteins that are destined to be secreted, enclosed in a vesicle, or incorporated in the plasma membrane. Nascent peptides that enter the ER undergo a series of highly regulated processing steps to reach maturation as they transit the ER. Alterations in the intracellular environment that induce ER stress are thought to interrupt th...

The unfolded protein response

Where does the UPR function? Between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. All secreted proteins and proteins that reside in secretory compartments translocate as nascent peptide chains into the ER, where they may undergo folding, modification and assembly before assuming their functional conformations. The ER maintains a specialized oxidizing environment to aid ch...

The unfolded protein response.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal site for folding and maturation of transmembrane, secretory and ERresident proteins. Perturbations that alter ER homeostasis can lead to accumulation of unfolded proteins (UPs), which is a threat to all living cells. To cope with the stress, cells activate an intracellular signaling pathway – the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is an integr...

SnapShot: The Unfolded Protein Response