Continuous Measurements and Source Apportionment of Ambient PM2.5-Bound Elements in Windsor, Canada
نویسندگان
چکیده
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, are impacted by local emissions and regional/transboundary transport input also attributable to secondary formation. PM2.5-bound elements were monitored hourly Windsor from April October 2021. Observed concentrations of the generally comparable historical measurements at urban sites Ontario. A clear diurnal pattern was observed for most elements, i.e., high morning low afternoon, mostly related evolution atmospheric mixing heights anthropogenic activities. Conversely, sulfur showed elevated suggesting conversion gaseous dioxide sulphate enhanced increased ambient temperatures. Five source factors resolved using US EPA positive matrix factorization model, including three traffic-related sources (i.e., vehicular exhaust, crustal dust, vehicle tire brake wear factors) two industrial coal/heavy oil burning metal processing factors). Overall, contributed 47% total elemental concentrations, while may originate 53%. Measures control both traffic would help reduce Windsor.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Atmosphere
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2073-4433']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020374