Cryogenic Hydrogen Jet and Flame for Clean Energy Applications: Progress and Challenges

Industries across the world are making transition to net-zero carbon emissions, as government policies and strategies proposed mitigate impact of climate change on planet. As a result, use hydrogen an energy source is becoming increasingly popular field research, particularly in aviation sector, where alternative, green, renewable fuel traditional hydrocarbon fuels such kerosene essential. Hydrogen can be stored multiple ways, including compressed gaseous hydrogen, cryo-compressed cryogenic liquid hydrogen. The infrastructure storage will play pivotal role realisation large-scale conversion from fuels, with safety being key consideration. This paper provides review previous work undertaken study characterisation both unignited ignited jets, which fundamental phenomena for utilisation includes that focuses near-field flow structure, dispersion far-field, ignition flame characteristics multi-physics. considerations also included. theoretical models computational fluid dynamics (CFD) multiphase reactive approaches discussed. Then, overview experimental provided, before focusing existing results, comparison experiments. Upon completion this review, it highlighted complex physics areas lacking research. properties significant importance respect combustion