Degradation or Restoration? The Temporal-Spatial Evolution of Ecosystem Services and Its Determinants in the Yellow River Basin, China

Ecosystem services (ESs) are irreplaceable natural resources, and their value is closely related to global change human well-being. Research on ecosystem (ESV) its influencing factors can help rationalize ecological regulatory policies, especially relevant in such an ecologically significant region as the Yellow River Basin (YRB). In this study, contribution model was used measure of intrinsic land use ESV, bivariate spatial autocorrelation applied investigate relationship between degree geographical detector (GDM) geographically weighted regression (GWR) were reveal impact socio-economic ESV. Results showed that: (1) The total ESV increased slightly, but there notable changes patterns YRB. (2) Land directly lead restoration or degradation, among which, conversion from grassland forest unused vital for YRB, while degradation key factor deterioration. (3) According GDM, NDVI most influential affecting heterogeneity, combined effect multiple exacerbate heterogeneity. (4) GWR reveals that always positively correlated with GDP mainly population density negatively positive negative correlation areas other roughly equal. findings provide theoretical support scientific guidance regulation