DHD-MEPO: A Novel Distributed Coverage Hole Detection and Repair Method for Three-Dimensional Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks

A coverage hole is a problem that cannot be completely avoided in three-dimensional hybrid wireless sensor networks. It can lead to hindrances monitoring tasks and adversely affect network performance. To address the of holes caused by uneven initial deployment node damage during operation, we propose distributed detection multi-objective optimization emperor penguin repair algorithm (DHD-MEPO). In phase, region zoned as units according quantity nodes sensing range, static use sum-of-weights method campaign for group on their terms, determining location calculating each cell. set determined mobile redundancy. Based characteristics complex environments, regions high levels are prioritized. Moreover, residual energy homogeneity considered design functions. lens-imaging mapping learning strategy introduced perturb algorithm. Experimental results illustrate DHD-MEPO, compared with C-CICHH, 3D-VPCA, RA, EMSCOLER, IERP algorithms, balance uniformity while satisfying requirements connectivity, which effectively improves