Diffusive gradients in thin films for the measurement of labile metal species in water and soils: a review

The determination of the concentration an environmental pollutant is not sufficient to assess related health risk because this may be bioavailable. Therefore, methods determine bioavailability are more relevant toxicity than measuring total concentration. For instance, diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) situ dynamic technique used measure labile compounds environment. Here we review latest developments achieved speciation and metals metalloids using technique. We detail technique, common binding agents gels. give laboratory procedures prepare gels, explain calculations DGT-induced fluxes soils (DIFS) modeling. DIFS models can predict resupply capacities from porewater, uptake trace elements by plants. Procedures for field deployments, including issues biofilm growth, also discussed.