Do expectancies for reinforcement from smoking change after smoking initiation?
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چکیده
منابع مشابه
E-cigarettes and expectancies: why do some users keep smoking?
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many smokers who have tried electronic cigarettes ('e-cigarettes') continue to smoke, perhaps influenced by their beliefs about the outcomes of using e-cigarettes ('e-cigarette expectancies'). The primary aims of this study were to compare expectancies of dual users to former smokers, and to examine the association between expectancies and intentions to quit or reduce 'vapin...
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Causation can never be proven beyond question. The strongest evidence for causality comes from controlled experiments in which individuals are randomly assigned either to a group that will receive exposure to the causal agent—in this case, cigarette advertising—or to one or more control groups that are not exposed to the causal agent, but are identical to the exposure group in every other way. ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
سال: 2011
ISSN: 1939-1501,0893-164X
DOI: 10.1037/a0020361