Do life expectancy and hydropower consumption affect ecological footprint? Evidence from novel augmented and dynamic ARDL approaches
نویسندگان
چکیده
Human activities threaten the future of ecosystem by emitting pollution to air, water, and soil. Considering increasing ecological footprint (EF), study focuses on investigating role life expectancy hydropower consumption controlling also income, trade openness, globalization environment under environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Turkey during 1971–2018. In this context, performs recently developed augmented autoregressive distributed lag (AARDL) dynamic ARDL (DARDL) methods. The results show that (i) increases pressure; (ii) has no effect EF; (iii) openness reduce (iv) EKC is valid, but estimated turning point lies between USD 19,914 20,571, which far from sample period in Turkey. From overall results, it can be concluded cannot solve problems with insufficient income levels, an elderly population, ineffective use hydropower. Hence, should rely much more, more efficiently, benefit spillover technological innovations related foreign significantly EF.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Heliyon
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2405-8440']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19567