Does having multiple partners weaken the benefits of facultative mutualism? A test with cacti and cactus-tending ants

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Does having multiple partners weaken the benefits of facultative mutualism? A test with cacti and cactus-tending ants

Interspecific facultative mutualisms typically involve guilds of interacting species, and species within a guild can vary in the quality of services they provide. For plants that secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN), visitation by multiple ant species that vary in anti herbivore abilities may result in reduced benefits, relative to an exclusive association with a high-quality mutualist. This raises...

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An open question in the evolutionary ecology of ant-plant facultative mutualism is how other members of the associated community can affect the interaction to a point where reciprocal benefits are disrupted. While visiting Qualea grandiflora shrubs to collect sugary rewards at extrafloral nectaries, tropical savanna ants deter herbivores and reduce leaf damage. Here we show that larvae of the f...

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In protection mutualisms, one mutualist defends its partner against a natural enemy in exchange for a reward, usually food or shelter. For both partners, the costs and benefits of these interactions often vary considerably in space because the outcome (positive, negative or neutral) depends on the local abundance of at least three species: the protector, the beneficiary of protection and the be...

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construction and validation of the translation teacher competency test and the scale of students’ perceptions of translation teachers

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Oikos

سال: 2006

ISSN: 0030-1299

DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15317.x