Emergent Properties of Land Systems: Nonlinear Dynamics of Scottish Farming Systems from 1867 to 2020

Dynamics of arable and pastoral farming systems in Scotland over the period 1867–2020 are documented using time series analysis methods, including for nonlinear dynamical systems. Results show farming, at a national scale, dynamic range timescales, with medium- short-term dynamics associated endogenous system forces exogenous factors, respectively. Medium-term provide evidence systems-level feedbacks between sectors responding to change world cereal prices as an economic driver, act dampen impacts shocks events (weather, disease). Regime shifts identified prices. emergent properties interactions. Changes strength dampening duration study changes from major governmental policy decisions that altered boundary conditions interdependencies farming.