Estimation of absolute GNSS satellite antenna group delay variations based on those of absolute receiver antenna group delays

Abstract GNSS satellite and receiving antennas exhibit group delay variations (GDV), which affect code pseudorange measurements. Like antenna phase center variations, measurements, they are frequency-dependent vary with the direction of transmitted received signal. observations contain combined contributions receiver antennas. If absolute GDV available for antennas, can be determined. In 2019, an extensive set was published and, thus, it became feasible to estimate based on terrestrial observations. We used four selected types observation data globally distributed reference stations that employ these determine GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS Besides BeiDou-2 satellites whose known reach up 1.5 m peak-to-peak, GPS show largest at frequencies L1 L5 0.3 0.4 respectively. They also satellite-to-satellite within a constellation. The GLONASS-M 25 cm frequency G1; Galileo E6 20 cm; BeiDou-3 around 15 B1-2 B3. Frequencies L2 IIIA, E1 FOC, B2a/B2b least affected. Their below 10 cm.