Evaluating Levels of Automation in Human–Robot Collaboration at Different Workload Levels

This study explored how levels of automation (LOA) influence human robot collaboration when operating at different workload. Two LOA modes were designed, implemented, and evaluated in an experimental collaborative assembly task setup for four workload composed a secondary complexity. A user conducted involving 80 participants was assessed through two constructs especially designed the evaluation (quality execution usability) preferences regarding modes. Results revealed that quality usability better high low Most also preferred increases. However, complexity existed within workload, most LOA. The results reveal benefits situations. provides insights related to shared control designs reveals importance considering as influenced by tasks designing human–robot collaborations.