Evaluation of Regional Water Use Efficiency under Green and Sustainable Development Using an Improved Super Slack-Based Measure Model

Enhancing water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for the sustainable and green development of utilization. The conventional Super Slack-Based Measure (CSSBM) model commonly employed to measure WUE, however, it prone underestimating WUE due its exaggeration slack variable. Recognizing need deal with problems involving variable without limitation, we propose an improved Super-SBM (ISSBM) that assigns upper bound variables. In addition, general deprivation index (GDI) resource exploitation then introduced as output indicator representing social equality, resulting in a comprehensive set indicators related economy, society, ecological environment. ISSBM CSSBM models were applied determine Guangdong province, China from 2009 2018, results indicate calculated via exhibited relatively extreme performance (i.e., high low values greater than 2 less 0.1, respectively), while ISSBM-estimated showed stable majority city’s was located range between 0.5 1). determined GDI thus demonstrated stronger discriminating power compared GDI. Furthermore, spatial pattern province presents essentially radial distribution, Pearl River Delta North, East, West Guangdong. These verify proposed can obtain appropriate could potentially be other regions.