Examining Heterogeneity of Food Fortification and Biofortification Business Models: Emerging Evidence for a Typology

Efforts to address Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been gaining pace recent years. Commodities such as staple foods (e.g., cereals, roots, and tubers) condiments salt) targeted ‘vehicles’ for fortification biofortification through numerous projects initiatives. To date, there mixed experiences with delivery coverage very little documented on the range of business models applied different geographies, conditions polities this makes classification measurement success failure difficult. This research aims gap knowledge proposing a typology that clarifies similarities (internal heterogeneity) differences (external between can allow all types be defined by combination attributes. Building comprehensive literature review; NVivo was used code initiatives from 34 key references (955 cases total) which grouped into 17 categories. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) we find evidence four model groupings typify initiatives: (1) Large-scale private, unregulated, (2) Mixed-Scale, unregulated (3) Large-scale, public-private, regulated; (4) regulated. We characterise these groups country examples suggest help discourse around viability food