Habitat Characteristics of Magnolia Based on Spatial Analysis: Landscape Protection to Conserve Endemic and Endangered Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot., and Culmsee

Based on habitat preferences, in this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of Magnolia genus northern part Sulawesi. Habitat characteristics, especially temperature, precipitation, and topography, were determined using analysis. The temperature precipitation datasets obtained from WorldClim BIO Variables V1, topographical data Google Earth Engine. Data collection began 2008–2009 was completed 2019–2020. In total, analyzed 786 waypoints. then predicted based most suitable characteristics mapped spatially. This study confirmed that spp. is affected by annual range, seasonality, elevation. We discovered endemic endangered species, sulawesiana Brambach, Noot., Culmsee, previously distributed exclusively central Five waypoints species found conservation area Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve border Bogani Nani Wartabone Nation Park. general, M. at higher elevations than other species. provides a scientific basis for forest officers to develop in-situ ex-situ strategies landscape protection measures maintain sustainable use genus, sustainability