Hierarchical Optimization of Charging Infrastructure Design and Facility Utilization

This study proposes a bi-level optimization program to represent the electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure design and utilization management problem with user-equilibrium (UE) decisions. The upper level aims minimize total facility deployment costs maximize revenue generated from EV collections, while lower users’ travel times expenses. An iterative technique is implemented solve mixed-integer non-linear that generates theoretical bounds model solves it global optimality. A set of conditions are evaluated show convergence algorithm in finite number iterations. numerical results, based on three demand levels, indicate proposed can effectively determine optimal location, physical capacity, demand-responsive pricing scheme. average price medium increased by 38.21% compared due surge needs highly utilized stations.