Insights Into the Prevalence and Impacts of Phthalate Esters in Aquatic Ecosystems

Phthalate esters (PEs) are by far the most produced and extensively used synthetic organic chemicals with notable applications in many industrial products such as vinyl upholstery, adhesives, food containers, packaging materials, printing inks, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals munitions, insecticides among other. PEs have long been recognised ubiquitous pollutants of prime environmental concern, urbanisation amongst main cause source these compounds. Due to their notoriety, compounds known pose devastating effects living organisms including humans. The presence metabolites aquatic ecosystems is concern primarily due endocrine disrupting carcinogenicity properties. Several research studies reported prevalence, exposure pathways, toxicity, impacts Their principal routes could be direct or indirect, which route include contact, eating, drinking contaminated foods, indirect constitute aerosols, leaching other forms contamination. find way into water systems through means effluent discharges, urban agricultural land runoff, from waste dumps diffuse sources. High-end instrumentation improved methodologies on hand resulted increased ability measure trace levels (μg/L) different matrices ecological compartments lakes, oceans, rivers, sediments, wetlands samples. In light above, this article provides an informed focused information prevalence phthalate related Furthermore, techniques that enabled extraction analysis samples also explained. Future outlooks needs highlighted manuscript. This will better understand temporal spatial distributions aid devising prudent curtail footprints.