Integration of smart nanomaterials for highly selective disposable sensors and their forensic applications in amphetamine determination

Screening drugs on the street and biological samples pose a challenge to law enforcement agencies due existing detection methods instrument limitations. Herein we present graphene-assisted molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle-based sensor for amphetamine. These nanoparticles are electroactive by incorporating ferrocene in their structure. particles act as specific actuators electrochemical sensors, presence of redox probe embedded structure allows non-electroactive In control approach, were covalently immobilised onto sensors drop-casting using silanes. Alternatively, employing 3D printing graphene ink composite. The performance both approaches was evaluated. As result, printed nanoMIPs/graphene displayed highest selectivity spiked human plasma, with sensitivity at 73 nA nM−1, LOD 68 nM (RSD 2.4%) when compared silane drop cast electrodes. main advantage optimised technology is that it quantitative determination amphetamine, drug, challenging detect conventional sensors. addition, cost-efficient method makes these easy manufacture, leading robust, highly selective sensitive proof concept, evaluated specimens clinically relevant successfully validated UPLC-MS.