Investigating the Optimal DOD and Battery Technology for Hybrid Energy Generation Models in Cement Industry Using HOMER Pro

The cement industry is a major energy consumer, with most of its costs associated fuel and requirements. While traditional thermal power plants generate electricity, they are both harmful inefficient. In this study, battery depth discharge (DOD) evaluated for four different technologies in the context industry. lead-acid (LA), lithium-ion (Li-ion), vanadium redox (VR), nickel-iron (Ni-Fe). Five Pakistan considered, including Askari Cement Plant, Wah (ACPW), Bestway Kalar Kahar (BCPKK), Farooqia (BCPF), Hattar (BCPH), DG Chakwal (DGCPC). Four hybrid generation models (HEGMs) were proposed using HOMER pro software. HEGM-1 combines diesel generator, photovoltaic system, converter, while HEGM-2 consists system. HEGM-3 grid-connected version HEGM-4 HEGM-2. A reference base model only grid connection also considered. multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was performed cumulative objective function (COF) that includes net present cost (NPC), levelized (LCOE), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. main to maximize COF minimizing NPC, LCOE, GHG emissions optimal technology DOD. results indicate VR technology, DOD 10% achieved DGCPC HEGM-3. This 61.49% reduction 78.62% 84.00% compared model.