^|^ldquo;Material^|^rdquo; vs. ^|^ldquo;Matter^|^rdquo; and ^|^ldquo;Actual^|^rdquo; vs. ^|^ldquo;Real^|^rdquo;: Toward Evolvable Simulation Models

Speedup vs. Simulation Granularity

This paper describes a packet network simulator whose timing granularity can shift continuously from ne, packet-level detail to coarse, conversation-level detail. Simulation run time decreases with coarser timing granularity, but the details in the underlying model become faded as the timing granularity coarsens. The ner the gran-ularity, the slower but more precise the simulation. If a simulat...

Simulation vs. Equivalence

For several semirings S, two weighted finite automata with multiplicities in S are equivalent if and only if they can be connected by a chain of simulations. Such a semiring S is called “proper”. It is known that the Boolean semiring, the semiring of natural numbers, the ring of integers, all finite commutative positively ordered semirings and all fields are proper. The semiring S is Noetherian...

Complex Fluid Mixing Flows: Simulation vs. Theory vs. Experiment

It is an old saw that science has as its three pillars theory, experiment, and simulation. That we can believe simulation when the three do not agree is a testament to a newfound credence for simulations. Our story concerns widely different simulation and experimental results in a problem of long standing: determination of the rates of chaotic mixing resulting from acceleration across a fluid d...

Design Validation: Formal Verification vs. Simulation vs. Functional Testing

Toward minimal bacterial cells: evolution vs. design.

Recent technical and conceptual advances in the biological sciences opened the possibility of the construction of newly designed cells. In this paper we review the state of the art of cell engineering in the context of genome research, paying particular attention to what we can learn on naturally reduced genomes from either symbiotic or free living bacteria. Different minimal hypothetically via...