Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages

Ice-associated Impact Craters on Mars: Implications from Mola Observations

Fragmentation of ice by low velocity impact

Low velocity impact experiments (0.14 to l km/ s) carried out in polycrystalline water ice targets at 257 and 81 K resulted in interactions which can be assigned to four fragmentation classes, cratering, erosion, disruption, and total fragmentation. Specific kinetic energies for the transitions between these classes range from l x 105 to 7 x 105 ergs/g for 81 K ice and from 3 x 105 to 2 x 106 e...

Numerical Simulations of Impact Crater Excavation and Collapse on Europa: Implications for Ice Thickness

Damage Assessment in Glass Fiber-Epoxy Matrix Composite under High Velocity Impact of Ice

This study investigated the influence of nanoclay on the impact damage resistance of glass fiber-epoxy composites under high velocity ice impact loading. Addition of 0.5 wt. % nanoclay into epoxy was shown to improve damage resistance compared to composite plates having no nanoclay platelet. The glass fiber-epoxy composites containing nanoclay brought about substantial improvement in ice impact...

Impact Crater Morphology and the Structure of Europa's Ice Shell

We performed numerical simulations of impact crater formation on Europa to infer the thickness and structure of its ice shell. The simulations were performed using iSALE to test both the conductive ice shell over ocean and the conductive lid over warm convective ice scenarios for a variety of conditions. The modeled crater depth-diameter is strongly dependent on the thermal gradient and tempera...